![]() Graphic artists have done their best to design new forms for the text, such as a poster, stamp, or cartoon. Important socialist theoreticians like Adler, Kautsky, Trotsky, Plechanov, and Gorter ventured to add a new introduction. The genesis and meaning of nearly all terms were annotated and analyzed. The text was copied by hand in a medieval manner and illegally distributed in countries that had no freedom of the press. People managed to teach themselves German by comparing the translation to the original. Although the original preface announces the English, French, Italian, Flemish, and Danish translation to be forthcoming, Sweden has the honour of having the first foreign-language translation ( Kommunismens Röst, Stockholm, December 1848).ĭuring the twentieth century the Manifesto was even translated into languages that were hardly spoken at all. To this day, the text in every possible shape and form remains an object of study. A civil servant made a very erroneous abstract of it and placed the abstract in the police archives. During a demonstration by workers and subsequent rioting in Amsterdam, 24 March 1848, a copy of the Manifesto was confiscated. Thus, the Amsterdam counterpart of the Bund der Kommunisten received 100 copies. The Association immediately confirmed this draft as its programme and thereafter called itself Bund der Kommunisten.Īt the same time, the February Revolution in Paris started a series of revolutionary events on the continent, and the Manifesto was sent as a clandestine pamphlet throughout Europe. The pamphlet had 23 pages, a green cover, and measured 21.5 to 13.4 cm. Burghard composed the text (rather carelessly) and printed 1,000 copies (with many printing errors) in his own small shop in Liverpool Street. There, the German workers' association borrowed 25 pounds to buy gothic printing type on the continent. The manuscript was sent from his home in Brussels to London in the beginning of February 1848. It took Marx and Engels six weeks to write the Communist Manifesto, since, by the end of December 1847, the London Bildungsgesellschaft für Arbeiter officially asked them to develop its political programme.Īlthough both Marx and Engels are equally accountable for the text, it was no doubt Marx who wrote the final version. ![]()
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